NS2 and TORA Routing Protocol

[NetWorm]

Hi mates

I have a strange problem regarding network. I just want to ask that anyone who has run TORA routing protocol successfully can please help me.

I have problem that has been really bothering my work for sometime.
I also want to execute the TORA protocol in ns2 and it really gives me headache as it gives me some errors.
I tried creating so many attempts and tested them to run on other protocols namely DSR and AODV but when I try to use TORA, the same scripts and attempts give me errors.
I also know that there must be a modification to do on the protocol itself or the ns2.

Below provided is the Error Code:
\\
(_o17 cmd line 1)
invoked from within
"_o17 cmd port-dmux _o28"
invoked from within
"catch "$self cmd $args" ret"
invoked from within
"if [catch "$self cmd $args" ret] {
set cls [$self info class]
global errorInfo
set savedInfo $errorInfo
error "error when calling class $cls: $args" $..."
(procedure "_o17" line 2)
(SplitObject unknown line 2)
invoked from within
"$agent port-dmux $dmux_"
(procedure "_o14" line 11)
(Node/MobileNode add-target-rtagent line 11)
invoked from within
"$self add-target-rtagent $agent $port"
(procedure "_o14" line 23)
(Node/MobileNode add-target line 23)
invoked from within
"$self add-target $agent $port"
(procedure "_o14" line 15)
(Node attach line 15)
invoked from within
"$node attach $ragent [Node set rtagent_port_]"
(procedure "_o3" line 72)
(Simulator create-wireless-node line 72)
invoked from within
"_o3 create-wireless-node"
("eval" body line 1)
invoked from within
"eval $self create-wireless-node $args"
(procedure "_o3" line 23)
(Simulator node line 23)
invoked from within
"$ns node"
("for" body line 2)
invoked from within
"for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn) } { incr i } {
set node_($i) [$ns node]
}"
(file "wrls-tora1.tcl" line 56)
//

[Spyrus]

Try this code:

#include <agent.h>
#include <random.h>
#include <trace.h>
#include <ll.h>
#include <priqueue.h>
#include <tora/tora_packet.h>
#include <tora/tora.h>

#define LOG(s)
fprintf(stdout, "%s --- %s (index: %d, time: %f)\n",
__PRETTY_FUNCTION__, (s), index, Scheduler::instance().clock())
#define DEBUG
#define CURRENT_TIME Scheduler::instance().clock()
#define ARP_SEPARATION_DELAY 0.030
int hdr_tora::offset_;
static class TORAHeaderClass : public PacketHeaderClass {
public:
TORAHeaderClass() : PacketHeaderClass("PacketHeader/TORA",
TORA_HDR_LEN) {
bind_offset(&hdr_tora::offset_);
}
} class_toraAgent_hdr;

static class toraAgentclass : public TclClass {
public:
toraAgentclass() : TclClass("Agent/TORA") {}
TclObject* create(int argc, const char*const* argv) {
assert(argc == 5);
return (new toraAgent((nsaddr_t) atoi(argv[4])));
}
} class_toraAgent;
toraAgent::toraAgent(nsaddr_t id) :
rtAgent(id, PT_TORA),
rqueue()
{
LIST_INIT(&dstlist);
imepagent = 0;
logtarget = 0;
ifqueue = 0;
}

void
toraAgent::reset()
{
Packet *p;
while((p = rqueue.deque())) {
drop(p,DROP_END_OF_SIMULATION);
}
}

int
toraAgent::command(int argc, const char*const* argv)
{
if(argc == 2) {
Tcl& tcl = Tcl::instance();

if(strncasecmp(argv[1], "id", 2) == 0) {
tcl.resultf("%d", index);
return TCL_OK;
}
}
else if(argc == 3) {

if(strcmp(argv[1], "log-target") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "tracetarget") == 0 ) {
logtarget = (Trace*) TclObject::lookup(argv[2]);
if(logtarget == 0)
return TCL_ERROR;
return TCL_OK;
}
else if(strcmp(argv[1], "drop-target") == 0) {
int stat = rqueue.command(argc,argv);
if (stat != TCL_OK) return stat;
return Agent::command(argc, argv);
}
else if(strcmp(argv[1], "if-queue") == 0) {
ifqueue = (PriQueue*) TclObject::lookup(argv[2]);
if(ifqueue == 0)
return TCL_ERROR;
return TCL_OK;
}
else if(strcmp(argv[1], "imep-agent") == 0) {
imepagent = (imepAgent*) TclObject::lookup(argv2]);
if(imepagent == 0)
return TCL_ERROR;
imepagent->imepRegister((rtAgent*) this);
return TCL_OK;
}
else if (strcmp(argv[1], "port-dmux") == 0) {
dmux_ = (PortClassifier *)TclObject::lookup(argv[2]);
if (dmux_ == 0) {
printf (stderr, "%s: %s lookup of %s failed\n", __FILE__,
argv[1], argv[2]);
return TCL_ERROR;
}
return TCL_OK;
}
}
return Agent::command(argc, argv);
}
TORADest*
toraAgent::dst_find(nsaddr_t id)
{
TORADest* td = dstlist.lh_first;
for( ; td; td = td->link.le_next) {
if(td->index == id)
return td;
}
return 0;
}
TORADest*
toraAgent::dst_add(nsaddr_t id)
{
TORADest *td = new TORADest(id, this);
assert(td);
LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&dstlist, td, link);
int *nblist = 0, nbcnt = 0;
imepagent->imepGetBiLinks(nblist, nbcnt);
for(int i = 0; i < nbcnt; i++)
(void) td->nb_add(nblist[i]);
if(nblist) delete[] nblist;
return td;
}
void
toraAgent::dst_dump()
{
TORADest *td = dstlist.lh_first;
for( ; td; td = td->link.le_next)
td->dump();
}
void
toraAgent::forward(Packet *p, nsaddr_t nexthop, Time delay)
{
struct hdr_cmn *ch = HDR_CMN(p);
#ifdef TORA_DISALLOW_ROUTE_LOOP
if(nexthop == ch->prev_hop_) {
log_route_loop(ch->prev_hop_, nexthop);
drop(p, DROP_RTR_ROUTE_LOOP);
return;
}
#endif
ch->next_hop() = nexthop;
ch->prev_hop_ = ipaddr();
ch->addr_type() = NS_AF_INET;
ch->direction() = hdr_cmn:: DOWN;
if (0.0 == delay) {
tora_output(p);
} else {
Scheduler::instance().schedule(target_, p, delay);
}
}
void
toraAgent::rt_resolve(Packet *p)
{
struct hdr_ip *ih = HDR_IP(p);
TORADest *td;
TORANeighbor *tn;
td = dst_find(ih->daddr());
if(td == 0) {
td = dst_add(ih->daddr());
}
tn = td->nb_find_next_hop();
if(tn == 0) {
rqueue.enque(p);
trace("T %.9f _%d_ tora enq %d->%d",
Scheduler::instance().clock(), ipaddr(),
ih->saddr(), ih->daddr());
if(!td->rt_req)
{ // if no QRY pending, then send one
sendQRY(ih->daddr());
td->time_tx_qry = CURRENT_TIME;
td->rt_req = 1;
}
}
else {
forward(p, tn->index);
}
}
void
toraAgent::recv(Packet *p, Handler *)
{
struct hdr_cmn *ch = HDR_CMN(p);
struct hdr_ip *ih = HDR_IP(p);
assert(initialized());
if(ch->ptype() == PT_TORA) {
recvTORA(p);
return;
}
ch->size() += IP_HDR_LEN;

ih->ttl_ = IP_DEF_TTL;
}
#ifdef TORA_DISALLOW_ROUTE_LOOP
else if(ih->saddr() == ipaddr()) {
drop(p, DROP_RTR_ROUTE_LOOP);
return;
}
#endif
else {
if(--ih->ttl_ == 0) {
drop(p, DROP_RTR_TTL);
return;
}
}
rt_resolve(p);
}
void
toraAgent::recvTORA(Packet *p)
{
struct hdr_tora *th = HDR_TORA(p);
TORADest *td;
TORANeighbor *tn;
assert(HDR_IP (p)->sport() == RT_PORT);
assert(HDR_IP (p)->dport() == RT_PORT);
switch(th->th_type) {
case TORATYPE_QRY:
recvQRY(p);
Packet::free(p);
return;
case TORATYPE_UPD:
log_recv_upd(p);
recvUPD(p);
break;
case TORATYPE_CLR:
log_recv_clr(p);
recvCLR(p);
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr,
"%s: Invalid TORA type (%x)\n",
__PRETTY_FUNCTION__, th->th_type);
exit(1);
}
if((td = dst_find(th->th_dst)) == 0) {
Packet::free(p);
return;
}
logNextHopChange(td);
if((tn = td->nb_find_next_hop())) {
Packet *p0;
Time delay = 0.0;
while((p0 = rqueue.deque(td->index))) {
forward(p0, tn->index, delay);
delay += ARP_SEPARATION_DELAY;
}
}
Packet::free(p);
}
void
toraAgent::recvQRY(Packet *p)
{
struct hdr_ip *ih = HDR_IP(p);
struct hdr_tora_qry *qh = HDR_TORA_QRY(p);
TORADest *td;
TORANeighbor *tn;
if(qh->tq_dst == ipaddr()) {
#ifdef DEBUG
fprintf(stderr, "node %d received `QRY` for itself.\n", index);
#endif
return;
}

td = dst_find(qh->tq_dst);
if(td == 0)
td = dst_add(qh->tq_dst);
if(td->rt_req) {
return;
}
if(td->height.r == 0) {
tn = td->nb_find(ih->saddr());
if(tn && tn->time_act > td->time_upd) {
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
else {
}
}
else {
tn = td->nb_find_min_height(0);

if(tn) {
td->update_height(tn->height.tau,
tn->height.oid,
tn->height.r,
tn->height.delta + 1,
ipaddr());
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
else {
td->rt_req = 1;
td->time_rt_req = CURRENT_TIME;
if(td->num_active > 1) {
sendQRY(td->index);
}
else {
}
}
}
}
void
toraAgent::recvUPD(Packet *p)
{
struct hdr_ip *ih = HDR_IP(p);
struct hdr_tora_upd *uh = HDR_TORA_UPD(p);
TORADest *td;
TORANeighbor *tn;
if(uh->tu_dst == ipaddr()) {
return;
}
td = dst_find(uh->tu_dst);
if(td == 0)
td = dst_add(uh->tu_dst);
tn = td->nb_find(ih->saddr());
if(tn == 0) {
CURRENT_TIME, ipaddr(), ih->saddr());
#ifdef DEBUG
fprintf(stderr,
"node %d received `UPD` from non-neighbor %d\n",
index, ih->src_);
#endif
return;
}
td->update_height_nb(tn, uh);

if(td->rt_req && tn->height.r == 0) {
td->update_height(tn->height.tau,
tn->height.oid,
tn->height.r,
tn->height.delta + 1,
ipaddr());
td->rt_req = 0;
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
else if(td->num_down == 0) {
if(td->num_up == 0) {
if (td-height.isNull ())
return;
else {
td->height.Null();
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock ();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
}
else {
if(td->nb_check_same_ref()) { TORANeighbor *tn;
if( (tn = td->nb_find_min_height(0)) ) { td->update_height (tn>height.tau, tn->height.oid,
ipaddr());
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
else {
if(td->height.oid == ipaddr()) { // II, A, 2, a, ii
double temp_tau = td->height.tau; nsaddr_t temp_oid = td->height.oid;
td->height.Null();
td->num_down = 0;
td->num_up = 0;
for(tn = td->nblist.lh_first; tn; tn = tn->link.le_next) {
if(tn->index == td->index) {
tn->height.Zero();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_DN;
}
else {
tn->height.Null();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_UN;
}
}
sendCLR(td->index, temp_tau, temp_oid);
}
else {
td->update_height(Scheduler::instance().clock(),
ipaddr(),
0,
0,
ipaddr());
td->rt_req = 0;
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
#ifdef DEBUG
if (logtarget)
{
sprintf(logtarget->pt_->buffer(), "T %.9f _%d_ rule IIA2a(ii)x fires %d",
Scheduler::instance().clock(), ipaddr(), td->index);
logtarget->pt_->dump();
}
#endif
sendUPD(td->index);
}
}

}
else {
TORANeighbor *n = td->nb_find_max_height();
assert(n);
TORANeighbor *m = td->nb_find_min_nonnull_height(&n->height);
assert(m);
td->update_height(m->height.tau,
m->height.oid,
m->height.r,
m->height.delta - 1,
ipaddr());
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
}
}
else {
}
}
toraAgent::recvCLR(Packet *p)
{
struct hdr_ip *ih = HDR_IP(p);
struct hdr_tora_clr *th = HDR_TORA_CLR(p);
TORADest *td;
TORANeighbor *tn;
if(th->tc_dst == ipaddr()) {
return;
}
td = dst_find(th->tc_dst);
if(td == 0)
td = dst_add(th->tc_dst);
assert(td);
if(td->height.tau == th->tc_tau &&
td->height.oid == th->tc_oid &&
td->height.r == 1) { double temp_tau = td->height.tau;
nsaddr_t temp_oid = td->height.oid;
td->height.Null();
td->num_up = 0;
td->num_down = 0;
for(tn = td->nblist.lh_first; tn; tn = tn->link.le_next) {
if(tn->index == td->index) {
tn->height.Zero();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_DN;
}
else {
tn->height.Null();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_UN;
}
}
if(td->num_active > 1) { sendCLR(td->index, temp_tau, temp_oid);
}
else {
}
}
else {
tn = td->nb_find(ih->saddr());
if(tn == 0) {
trace("T %.9f _%d_ received `CLR` from non-neighbor %d",
CURRENT_TIME, index, ih->saddr());
#ifdef DEBUG
fprintf(stderr,
"node %d received `CLR` from non-neighbor %d\n",
index, ih->src_);
#endif
return;
}

tn->height.Null();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_UN;
for(tn = td->nblist.lh_first; tn; tn = tn->link.le_next) {
if(tn->height.tau == th->tc_tau &&
tn->height.oid == th->tc_oid &&
tn->height.r == 1) {
tn->height.Null();
tn->lnk_stat = LINK_UN;
}
}
if(td->num_down == 0) {
if(td->num_up == 0) { if(td->height.isNull()) { }
else {
td->height.Null();
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
}
else {
td->update_height(Scheduler::instance().clock(),
ipaddr(),
0,
0,
ipaddr());
td->rt_req = 0;
td->time_upd = Scheduler::instance().clock();
sendUPD(td->index);
}
}
else {
}
}
}

void
toraAgent::trace(char* fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;

if (!logtarget) return;
va_start(ap, fmt);
vsprintf(logtarget->pt_->buffer(), fmt, ap);
logtarget->pt_->dump();
va_end(ap);
}

[Snake08]

Check this one:

#ifndef __tora_h__
#define __tora_h__
#include <packet.h>
#include <ip.h>
#include <cmu-trace.h>
#include <priqueue.h>
#include <rtqueue.h>
#include "lib/bsd-list.h"
#include <rtproto/rtproto.h>
#include <imep/imep.h>
#include <tora/tora_packet.h>
#include <tora/tora_neighbor.h>
#include <tora/tora_dest.h>
#include <classifier/classifier-port.h>
LIST_HEAD(td_head, TORADest);
#define LOGGING
typedef double Time;
#define TORA_DISALLOW_ROUTE_LOOP
#define MinQueryRate 0.200
class TORANeighbor;
class TORADest;
class Height;
class toraAgent : public rtAgent {
friend class TORANeighbor;
friend class TORADest;
public:
toraAgent(nsaddr_t id);
void recv(Packet* p, Handler*);
int command(int argc, const char*const* argv);
void rtNotifyLinkUP(nsaddr_t index);
void rtNotifyLinkDN(nsaddr_t index);
void rtNotifyLinkStatus(nsaddr_t index, u_int32_t status);
void rtRoutePacket(Packet *p);
private:
nsaddr_t index;
TORADest* dst_find(nsaddr_t id);
TORADest* dst_add(nsaddr_t id);
void dst_dump(void);
void rt_resolve(Packet *p);
void forward(Packet *p, nsaddr_t nexthop, Time delay = 0.0);
void purge_queue(void);
void enque(TORADest *td, Packet *p);
Packet* deque(TORADest *td);
void recvTORA(Packet* p);
void recvQRY(Packet *p);
void recvUPD(Packet *p);
void recvCLR(Packet *p);
void sendQRY(nsaddr_t id);
void sendUPD(nsaddr_t id);
void sendCLR(nsaddr_t id, double tau, nsaddr_t oid);
void tora_output(Packet *p);
inline int initialized() {
return logtarget && ifqueue && imepagent;
}

td_head dstlist; // Active destinations
imepAgent *imepagent;
Trace *logtarget;
void trace(char* fmt, ...);
virtual void reset();
rtqueue rqueue;
PriQueue *ifqueue;
void log_route_loop(nsaddr_t prev, nsaddr_t next);
void log_link_layer_feedback(Packet *p);
void log_link_layer_recycle(Packet *p);
void log_lnk_del(nsaddr_t dst);
void log_lnk_kept(nsaddr_t dst);
void log_nb_del(nsaddr_t dst, nsaddr_t id);
void log_recv_qry(Packet *p);
void log_recv_upd(Packet *p);
void log_recv_clr(Packet *p);
void log_route_table(void);
void log_dst_state_change(TORADest *td);
void logNextHopChange(TORADest *td);
void logNbDeletedLastDN(TORADest *td);
void logToraDest(TORADest *td);
void logToraNeighbor(TORANeighbor *tn);
protected:
PortClassifier *dmux_;
};
#endif /* __tora_h__ */

[Zachary]

You can go for this:

set opt(imep) "ON" ;# Enable/Disable IMEP
set opt(ragent) Agent/rtProto/TORA
set opt(pos) NONE ;# Box or NONE
if { $opt(pos) == "Box" } {
puts "*** TORA using Box configuration..."
}
#
Agent instproc init args {
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto instproc init args {
puts "DOWN HERE 2"
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto/TORA instproc init args {
puts "DOWN HERE"
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto/TORA set sport_ 0
Agent/rtProto/TORA set dport_ 0
#
proc create-routing-agent { node id } {
global ns_ ragent_ tracefd opt
#
# Create the Routing Agent and attach it to port 255.
#
set ragent_($id) [new $opt(ragent) $id]
set ragent $ragent_($id)
$node attach $ragent [Node set rtagent_port_]
$ragent if-queue [$node set ifq_(0)] ;# ifq between LL and MAC
# now that the Beacon/Hello messages have been
# moved to the IMEP layer, this is not necessary.
$ns_ at 0.$id "$ragent_($id) start" ;# start BEACON/HELLO Messages
#
# XXX: The routing protocol and the IMEP agents needs handles
# to each other.
#
$ragent imep-agent [$node set imep_(0)]
[$node set imep_(0)] rtagent $ragent
#
# Drop Target (always on regardless of other tracing)
#
set drpT [cmu-trace Drop "RTR" $node]
$ragent drop-target $drpT
#
# Log Target
#
set T [new Trace/Generic]
$T target [$ns_ set nullAgent_]
$T attach $tracefd
$T set src_ $id
$ragent log-target $T
#
# XXX: let the IMEP agent use the same log target.
#
[$node set imep_(0)] log-target $T
proc create-mobile-node { id } {
global ns_ chan prop topo tracefd opt node_
global chan prop tracefd topo opt
set node_($id) [new Node/MobileNode]
set node $node_($id)
$node random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$node topography $topo
#
# This Trace Target is used to log changes in direction
# and velocity for the mobile node.
#
set T [new Trace/Generic]
$T target [$ns_ set nullAgent_]
$T attach $tracefd
$T set src_ $id
$node log-target $T

$node add-interface $chan $prop $opt(ll) $opt(mac) \
$opt(ifq) $opt(ifqlen) $opt(netif) $opt(ant)
#
# Create a Routing Agent for the Node
#
create-routing-agent $node $id
if { $opt(pos) == "Box" } {
#
# Box Configuration
#
set spacing 200
set maxrow 7
set col [expr ($id - 1) % $maxrow]
set row [expr ($id - 1) / $maxrow]
$node set X_ [expr $col * $spacing]
$node set Y_ [expr $row * $spacing]
$node set Z_ 0.0
$node set speed_ 0.0

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_($id) start"
}
}

[banthena]

Hi I wanted to TORA ins ns-2.32 and made necessary modifications in tora.cc and tora.h . There is no error when I run a tcl script with $val(rp) TORA. However I see in NAM and in tracegrapg that there is no packets being generated. Is it necessary to make any changes in any other cc files or header? Or unlike in AODV and DSR is there any other parameters to be :specified in tcl script ? Some posts had suggested using

set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

but this too didn't work.

Please suggest how to fix it.
I would be glad if someone could post a small working script.
I appreciate your help. Thanks

[flogeros]

Hi on everyone. I have the ns2 2.34 version and I am having the same problems with Tora protocol. I have made all the changes that you have proposed but I am still having problems.
Is it better to use adhocRouting or rp when you set up the protocol? What is the difference between set val(rp) from set opt(rp)? Please tell me what to do.


Regards,

flogeros

[flogeros]

Hi Zachary. I am facing the same problem with the tora protocol. Could ou please write down step by step what changes should I made in order to work properly the tora protocol?

Regards,

Flogeros

You can go for this:

set opt(imep) "ON" ;# Enable/Disable IMEP
set opt(ragent) Agent/rtProto/TORA
set opt(pos) NONE ;# Box or NONE
if { $opt(pos) == "Box" } {
puts "*** TORA using Box configuration..."
}
#
Agent instproc init args {
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto instproc init args {
puts "DOWN HERE 2"
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto/TORA instproc init args {
puts "DOWN HERE"
$self next $args
}
Agent/rtProto/TORA set sport_ 0
Agent/rtProto/TORA set dport_ 0
#
proc create-routing-agent { node id } {
global ns_ ragent_ tracefd opt
#
# Create the Routing Agent and attach it to port 255.
#
set ragent_($id) [new $opt(ragent) $id]
set ragent $ragent_($id)
$node attach $ragent [Node set rtagent_port_]
$ragent if-queue [$node set ifq_(0)] ;# ifq between LL and MAC
# now that the Beacon/Hello messages have been
# moved to the IMEP layer, this is not necessary.
$ns_ at 0.$id "$ragent_($id) start" ;# start BEACON/HELLO Messages
#
# XXX: The routing protocol and the IMEP agents needs handles
# to each other.
#
$ragent imep-agent [$node set imep_(0)]
[$node set imep_(0)] rtagent $ragent
#
# Drop Target (always on regardless of other tracing)
#
set drpT [cmu-trace Drop "RTR" $node]
$ragent drop-target $drpT
#
# Log Target
#
set T [new Trace/Generic]
$T target [$ns_ set nullAgent_]
$T attach $tracefd
$T set src_ $id
$ragent log-target $T
#
# XXX: let the IMEP agent use the same log target.
#
[$node set imep_(0)] log-target $T
proc create-mobile-node { id } {
global ns_ chan prop topo tracefd opt node_
global chan prop tracefd topo opt
set node_($id) [new Node/MobileNode]
set node $node_($id)
$node random-motion 0 ;# disable random motion
$node topography $topo
#
# This Trace Target is used to log changes in direction
# and velocity for the mobile node.
#
set T [new Trace/Generic]
$T target [$ns_ set nullAgent_]
$T attach $tracefd
$T set src_ $id
$node log-target $T

$node add-interface $chan $prop $opt(ll) $opt(mac) \
$opt(ifq) $opt(ifqlen) $opt(netif) $opt(ant)
#
# Create a Routing Agent for the Node
#
create-routing-agent $node $id
if { $opt(pos) == "Box" } {
#
# Box Configuration
#
set spacing 200
set maxrow 7
set col [expr ($id - 1) % $maxrow]
set row [expr ($id - 1) / $maxrow]
$node set X_ [expr $col * $spacing]
$node set Y_ [expr $row * $spacing]
$node set Z_ 0.0
$node set speed_ 0.0

$ns_ at 0.0 "$node_($id) start"
}
}

[flogeros]

Hi Bathena. I am facing the same problem with the tora protocol. Could ou please write down step by step what changes should I made in order to work properly the tora protocol?

Regards,

Flogeros

Hi I wanted to TORA ins ns-2.32 and made necessary modifications in tora.cc and tora.h . There is no error when I run a tcl script with $val(rp) TORA. However I see in NAM and in tracegrapg that there is no packets being generated. Is it necessary to make any changes in any other cc files or header? Or unlike in AODV and DSR is there any other parameters to be :specified in tcl script ? Some posts had suggested using

set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]

but this too didn't work.

Please suggest how to fix it.
I would be glad if someone could post a small working script.
I appreciate your help. Thanks

[flogeros]

Dear Zachary first of all I would like to thank for your help. The script that you write me is ready for use? Because I have saved in a tcl format and I run, but I've got again errors. Please tell me what to do next because I am lost.


Kind regards,

flogeros

[Zachary]

Well, i guess you should give it a try, if it gives you an error, post back regarding what you getting error...

[flogeros]

Dear Zachary I am sending you the error that I am getting back.
invalid command name "Agent/rtProto/TORA"
while executing
"Agent/rtProto/TORA instproc init args {
puts "DOWN HERE"
$self next $args
}"
(file "tora_s.tcl" line 15)
Can I send an email regarding the adhoc protocols? My email is korgani@hotmail.com

Regards,

flogeros

[exidus]

Hello.
I am trying to simulate TORA routing protocol. Can you help me please?
I tried to change files tora.cc and tora.h.
I added to tora.cc lines:

else if (strcmp(argv[1], "port-dmux") == 0) {
dmux_ = (PortClassifier*)TclObject::lookup(argv[2]);
if (dmux_ == 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s lookup of %s failed\n",
__FILE__,
argv[1],
argv[2]);
printf("%s lookup of %s failed\n",
argv[1],
argv[2]);
return TCL_ERROR;
}
return TCL_OK;
}

and to tora.h i added this

#include <classifier/classifier-port.h>
protected:
PortClassifier *dmux_;



Unfortunately it doesn t help me. I tried to run following tora.tcl file


======================================================================
# Define options
# ======================================================================
set val(chan) Channel/WirelessChannel ;# channel type
set val(prop) Propagation/TwoRayGround ;# radio-propagation model
set val(ant) Antenna/OmniAntenna ;# Antenna type
set val(ll) LL ;# Link layer type
set val(ifq) Queue/DropTail/PriQueue ;# Interface queue type
set val(ifqlen) 50 ;# max packet in ifq
set val(netif) Phy/WirelessPhy ;# network interface type
set val(mac) Mac/802_11 ;# MAC type
set val(nn) 6 ;# number of mobilenodes
set val(rp) TORA ;# routing protocol
set val(x) 800
set val(y) 800

set ns [new Simulator]
#ns-random 0

set f [open 1_out.tr w]
$ns trace-all $f
set namtrace [open 1_out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namtrace $val(x) $val(y)
set f0 [open packets_received.tr w]
set f1 [open packets_lost.tr w]
#set f0 [open proj_out0.tr w]
#set f1 [open proj_out1.tr w]
set f2 [open proj_out2.tr w]
set f3 [open proj_out3.tr w]

set topo [new Topography]
$topo load_flatgrid 800 800

create-god $val(nn)

set chan_1 [new $val(chan)]
set chan_2 [new $val(chan)]
set chan_3 [new $val(chan)]
set chan_4 [new $val(chan)]
set chan_5 [new $val(chan)]
set chan_6 [new $val(chan)]

# CONFIGURE AND CREATE NODES

$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \
-llType $val(ll) \
-macType $val(mac) \
-ifqType $val(ifq) \
-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \
-antType $val(ant) \
-propType $val(prop) \
-phyType $val(netif) \
#-channelType $val(chan) \
-topoInstance $topo \
-agentTrace OFF \
-routerTrace ON \
-macTrace ON \
-movementTrace OFF \
-channel $chan_1 # \
#-channel $chan_2 \
#-channel $chan_3 \
#-channel $chan_4 \
#-channel $chan_5 \
#-channel $chan_6


proc finish {} {
global ns f f0 f1 f2 f3 namtrace
$ns flush-trace
close $namtrace
close $f0
close $f1
close $f2
close $f3
exec xgraph packets_received.tr packets_lost.tr
#exec xgraph proj_out0.tr proj_out1.tr
# proj_out2.tr proj_out3.tr
exec nam -r 5m 1_out.nam &
exit 0
}

proc record {} {
global sink0 sink1 sink2 sink3 sink4 sink5 f0 f1 f2 f3
#Get An Instance Of The Simulator
set ns [Simulator instance]

#Set The Time After Which The Procedure Should Be Called Again
set time 0.05
#How Many Bytes Have Been Received By The Traffic Sinks?
set bw0 [$sink5 set npkts_]
set bw1 [$sink5 set nlost_]
#set bw2 [$sink2 set npkts_]
#set bw3 [$sink3 set npkts_]

#Get The Current Time
set now [$ns now]

#Save Data To The Files
puts $f0 "$now [expr $bw0]"
puts $f1 "$now [expr $bw1]"
#puts $f2 "$now [expr $bw2]"
#puts $f3 "$now [expr $bw3]"

#Re-Schedule The Procedure
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "record"
}

# define color index
$ns color 0 blue
$ns color 1 red
$ns color 2 chocolate
$ns color 3 red
$ns color 4 brown
$ns color 5 tan
$ns color 6 gold
$ns color 7 black

set n(0) [$ns node]
#$ns at 0.0 "$n(0) color red"
$n(0) color "0"
$n(0) shape "circle"
set n(1) [$ns node]
$n(1) color "blue"
$n(1) shape "circle"
set n(2) [$ns node]
$n(2) color "tan"
$n(2) shape "circle"
set n(3) [$ns node]
$n(3) color "red"
$n(3) shape "circle"
set n(4) [$ns node]
$n(4) color "tan"
$n(4) shape "circle"
set n(5) [$ns node]
$n(5) color "red"
$n(5) shape "circle"


for {set i 0} {$i < $val(nn)} {incr i} {
$ns initial_node_pos $n($i) 30+i*100
}

$n(0) set X_ 0.0
$n(0) set Y_ 0.0
$n(0) set Z_ 0.0

$n(1) set X_ 0.0
$n(1) set Y_ 0.0
$n(1) set Z_ 0.0

$n(2) set X_ 0.0
$n(2) set Y_ 0.0
$n(2) set Z_ 0.0

$n(3) set X_ 0.0
$n(3) set Y_ 0.0
$n(3) set Z_ 0.0

$n(4) set X_ 0.0
$n(4) set Y_ 0.0
$n(4) set Z_ 0.0

$n(5) set X_ 0.0
$n(5) set Y_ 0.0
$n(5) set Z_ 0.0

$ns at 0.0 "$n(0) setdest 100.0 100.0 3000.0"
$ns at 0.0 "$n(1) setdest 200.0 200.0 3000.0"
$ns at 0.0 "$n(2) setdest 300.0 200.0 3000.0"
$ns at 0.0 "$n(3) setdest 400.0 300.0 3000.0"
$ns at 0.0 "$n(4) setdest 500.0 300.0 3000.0"
$ns at 0.0 "$n(5) setdest 600.0 400.0 3000.0"

$ns at 2.0 "$n(5) setdest 100.0 400.0 500.0"
#$ns at 1.5 "$n(3) setdest 450.0 150.0 500.0"


# CONFIGURE AND SET UP A FLOW


set sink0 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
set sink1 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
set sink2 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
set sink3 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
set sink4 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
set sink5 [new Agent/LossMonitor]
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $sink0
$ns attach-agent $n(1) $sink1
$ns attach-agent $n(2) $sink2
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $sink3
$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink4
$ns attach-agent $n(5) $sink5

#$ns attach-agent $sink2 $sink3
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(1) $tcp1
set tcp2 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(2) $tcp2
set tcp3 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $tcp3
set tcp4 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(4) $tcp4
set tcp5 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n(5) $tcp5


proc attach-CBR-traffic { node sink size interval } {
#Get an instance of the simulator
set ns [Simulator instance]
#Create a CBR agent and attach it to the node
set cbr [new Agent/CBR]
$ns attach-agent $node $cbr
$cbr set packetSize_ $size
$cbr set interval_ $interval

#Attach CBR source to sink;
$ns connect $cbr $sink
return $cbr
}

set cbr0 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(0) $sink5 1000 .015]
#set cbr1 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(1) $sink2 1000 .015]
#set cbr2 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(2) $sink3 1000 .015]
#set cbr3 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(3) $sink0 1000 .015]
#set cbr4 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(4) $sink3 1000 .015]
#set cbr5 [attach-CBR-traffic $n(5) $sink0 1000 .015]



$ns at 0.0 "record"
#$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
#$ns at 0.5 "$cbr2 start"
#$ns at 2.0 "$cbr0 stop"
#$ns at 2.0 "$cbr2 stop"
$ns at 1.0 "$cbr0 start"
#$ns at 4.0 "$cbr3 stop"

$ns at 10.0 "finish"

puts "Start of simulation.."
$ns run


But after command ns tora.tcl I get this:

num_nodes is set 6
INITIALIZE THE LIST xListHead

(_o22 cmd line 1)
invoked from within
"_o22 cmd port-dmux _o37"
invoked from within
"catch "$self cmd $args" ret"
invoked from within
"if [catch "$self cmd $args" ret] {
set cls [$self info class]
global errorInfo
set savedInfo $errorInfo
error "error when calling class $cls: $args" $..."
(procedure "_o22" line 2)
(SplitObject unknown line 2)
invoked from within
"$agent port-dmux $dmux_"
(procedure "_o19" line 11)
(Node/MobileNode add-target-rtagent line 11)
invoked from within
"$self add-target-rtagent $agent $port"
(procedure "_o19" line 28)
(Node/MobileNode add-target line 28)
invoked from within
"$self add-target $agent $port"
(procedure "_o19" line 15)
(Node attach line 15)
invoked from within
"$node attach $ragent [Node set rtagent_port_]"
(procedure "_o3" line 79)
(Simulator create-wireless-node line 79)
invoked from within
"_o3 create-wireless-node"
("eval" body line 1)
invoked from within
"eval $self create-wireless-node $args"
(procedure "_o3" line 23)
(Simulator node line 23)
invoked from within
"$ns node"
invoked from within
"set n(0) [$ns node]"
(file "tora.tcl" line 118)


When I run a file, which was posted by Zachary I get same errors as user flogeros wrote.
I am using ns 2.34. Can anyone help me please? Thanks

[saurabhagrawal]

Hey all,
I have made necessary changes in the tora.cc and tora.h flles, but when i m trying to recompile ns-2.34 using make, i m getting following errors....

tora/tora.cc:10: error: expected constructor, destructor, or type conversion before ‘(’ token
tora/tora.cc: In member function ‘virtual int toraAgent::command(int, const char* const*)’:
tora/tora.cc:92: error: cannot convert ‘_IO_FILE*’ to ‘const char*’ for argument ‘1’ to ‘int printf(const char*, ...)’
tora/tora.cc: At global scope:
tora/tora.cc:193: error: expected unqualified-id before ‘else’
tora/tora.cc:198: error: expected unqualified-id before ‘else’
make: *** [tora/tora.o] Error 1




Anybody plz post how to fix them, any type of help would be appreciated...

thanks in advance..

[saurabhagrawal]

Hey all,

I executed my simulation using TORA on ns-2.34 by doing modifications in .cc and .h files as described above....
bt their is one problem that has occuered is that the .tr file is not created completely, it is getting hanged somewhere at time 4.0666, while my simulation is for time units 125.

if anybody has any soluton for that plzz help me....


regards,
saurabh agrawal

[EINSTEIN_007]

I think that, set_sql_trace_in_session will write a trace file to to UDUMP destination. You will then need to run tkprof to put it in a readable form.
ie,
tkprof ...\udump\oraxxx.trc newfilename.txt explain=username/password@sid . If you are tracing a query that runs in the context of a Job( I presume you mean DBMS_JOB), then the sql trace is generated by the executing job_queue_process and not the shadow process of the Sqlplus session.
In this case it will be created in background_dump_dest and NOT in user_dump_dest. The process name will start with "j....". Read more here.